Preparation of cross-linked carboxymethyl jackfruit starch and evaluation as a tablet disintegrant

The main purposes of this study are to prepare cross-linked carboxymethyl jackfruit starch [CL-CMJF] and to evaluate its pharmaceutical property as a tablet disintegrant. CL-CMJF was prepared by a dual carboxymethyl-crosslinking reaction in a flask containing jackfruit seed starch [JFS], chloroacetic acid [CAA], sodium hydroxide [NaOH] and sodium trimetaphosphate [STMP]. The reaction was carried out using methanol as a solvent for 60 min at 70°C and at JFS:CAA:NaOH:STMP ratio of 1.0:0.29:0.28:0.07. The obtained CL-CMJF, with degree of substitution and degree of crosslinking calculated to be 0.34 and 0.06, respectively, was insoluble but swellable in water. Rheological study revealed a decreased in solution viscosity compared to the non-crosslinked CMJF. The water uptake of CL-CMJF was 23 times higher than that of native starch and was comparable to that of a commercial superdisintegrant, sodium starch glycolate [SSG]. The swelling ability of CL-CMRS was similar to that of crosscarmellose sodium [CCS], another commercial superdisintegrant. Disintegration test of aspirin tablets containing 2%w/w of JFS, CL-CMJF, SSG and CCS showed disintegration times in the order of SSG < CCS CL-CMJF <<< JFS. The results suggested that CL-CMJF could be developed as a tablet disintegrant

Propriedades físico-químicas do amido isolado, estudo de parâmetros enzimáticos durante o armazenamento e caracterização de enzimas amilolíticas em raízes de maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) / Physico-chemical properties of isolated starch, enzymatic parameters during storage, and characterization of amylolytic enzymes of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp. ) root

A maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) é uma planta herbácea bienal da família Brassicae, cultivada principalmente na região dos Andes da América do Sul. A parte subterrânea vem sendo consumida por muito tempo devido a seu valor nutricional e energético, mas é mais conhecida no mercado peruano e internacional por alegadas propriedades terapêuticas. Esta raiz apresenta até 76% de carboidratos, dos quais 30% é amido. Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar: as propriedades físico-químicas e funcionais do amido isolado; os parâmetros enzimáticos durante o armazenamento e a purificação parcial de enzimas amilolíticas. Em relação às propriedades do amido, este apresentou um teor de amilose de 20% valor semelhante aos encontrados em raízes e tubérculos similares. A turbidez das suspensões de amido apresentou estabilidade durante o armazenamento. A temperatura de gelatinização e a viscosidade da pasta foram a 45,7° e 46°C, respectivamente. Com base nos dados obtidos, o amido de maca seria indicado para alimentos que requeiram temperaturas moderadas no processamento, não sendo apropriado para o emprego em alimentos congelados. Os parâmetros enzimáticos medidos tais como teor de amido total, teor de açúcares solúveis, atividade amilolítica total, atividade de α e β amilases, não mostraram diferenças significativas entre as medidas durante um período de armazenamento de 16 dias. As microscopias eletrônicas de varredura (MEV) dos grânulos de amido mostraram grãos íntegros com superfícies lisas, com algumas depressões ao redor dos grânulos os quais poderiam indicar o inicio de ataque enzimático, ou fraturas na purificação. Em relação à purificação de enzimas amilolíticas, foi possível separar uma fração ativa com a carboximetilcelulose (CMC) seguida de cromatografia liquida de alta resolução (CLAE) que permitiu a separação de duas frações protéicas, analisadas por eletroforese SDS-PAGE e eletroforese bidimensional (2D). Os polipeptídeos identificados no gel 2D apresentaram...

Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) is a biennial herbaceous plant from Brassicae family, grown mainly in the Andes of South America. The underground part has been consumed for a long time due to its nutritional value and energy, but is best known in the Peruvian and international market for alleged therapeutic properties. This root has up to 76% carbohydrates, of which 30% is starch. This work aimed to study: the physico-chemical properties of isolated starch, the enzymatic parameters during storage and partial purification of amylases. In relation to the properties of starch, the amylose content showed a 20% value similar to those found in roots and tubers alike. The turbidity of starch suspensions was stable during storage. The gelatinization temperature and viscosity of the paste were 45.7 ° and 46 ° C, respectively. Based on data obtained from the starch of litter would be given to foods that require moderate temperatures in processing and is not suitable for use in frozen foods. The enzymatic parameters measured such as total starch content, soluble sugars, total amylolytic activity, activity of α and β amylases, showed no significant differences between the measures over a storage period of 16 days. Electronic microscopy (SEM) of starch granules showed grains with smooth surfaces, with some depressions around the granules which could indicate the beginning of enzymatic attack, or fractures in the purification. Regarding the purification of amylases was possible to separate an active fraction with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) followed by high-resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) which allowed the separation of two protein fractions, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D ). The polypeptides had a molecular mass between 22 and 27 kDa and isoelectric points ranging from 4.8 to 7.3.

Utilization and biodegradation of starch stillage (distillery wastewater)

Stillage (distillery wastewater) is the main by-product originating in distilleries, and its volume is approximately 10 times that of ethanol produced. It is not surprising that the utilization of the stillage raises serious problems, and that many attempts have been made all over the world to solve them. In Poland most of the ethanol (about 90 percent) is produced from starch-based feedstocks, i.e. grains and potatoes. Starch feedstocks are widely used for spirit production also in other European countries, as well as outside Europe. The manuscript provides an overview of global fuel ethanol production and information on methods used for starch-based stillage biodegradation and utilization. The methods presented in this paper have been classified into two major groups. One of these includes the mode of utilizing starch stillage, the other one comprises methods, both aerobic and anaerobic, by which the stillage can be biodegraded.

Rendimiento del proceso de extracción de almidón a partir de frutos de platano (musa paradisiaca): estudio en planta piloto / Yield of starch extraction from plantain (musa paradisiaca): pilot plant study

El plátano (musa paradisiaca) se consume en México principalmente cocinado, pero su consumo no es muy popular, por lo que se pierden cantidades apreciables del fruto durante su manejo poscosecha. En su estado verde o inmaduro esta fruta contiene principalmente almidón, por lo que se puede diversificar su uso como materia prima para el aislamiento de este polisacárido. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el rendimiento de la extracción del almidón a nivel planta piloto. Se hicieron pruebas a nivel laboratorio usando pulpa con ácido cítrico al 0,3 por ciento (antioxidante), para evaluar las diferentes operaciones unitarias del proceso. El rendimiento del almidón, en relación a la cantidad inicial presente en la pulpa, estuvo entre 76 y 86 por ciento; cuando se realizó el proceso a escala planta piloto el rendimiento fue entre 63 y 71 por ciento. Los rendimientos de almidón fueron muy similares entre los diferentes lotes, demostrándose que el proceso es reproducible. La recuperación menor del almidón a escala de planta piloto se debió a pérdidas en las operaciones de cribado, sin embargo los valores se encontraron en un intervalo que puede considerarse adecuado para este tipo de procesos

Chemical, physical and morphometric properties of peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza B.) starch

Starch was isolated from Peruvian carrot (PC) -or arracacha- (Arracacia xanthorhiza B.) roots. Its chemical, physical, physicochemical and granular structural properties were compared to those of commercial cassava starch. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a granular size for PC starch ranging between 4 and 26 mum in diameter, with spherical and truncated-egg shapes. PC and cassava starches were similar regarding gross chemical composition and basic physical characteristics but differed in pasting properties, with PC starch showing lower breakdown and consistency indices. The two starches also showed different water absorpption and solubility patterns.

Evaluacion de las caracteristicas quimicas y propiedades fisicas y reologicas del almidón extraído de dos especies de amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus y Amaranthus hypochondriacus) / Evaluation of the chemical characteristics and physical and rheological properties of the starch isolated from 2 amaranth species (Amaranthus cruentus y Amaranthus hypochondriacus)

En el presente trabajo se evaluaron algunas características químicas, propiedades físicas y el comportamiento reológico del almidón extraído de granos provenientes de cultivos experimentales de tres variedades de dos especies de amaranto granífero (Amaranthus cruentus y Amaranthus hypochondriacus). Para ello, en la primera fase del estudio se determinó el contenido de almidón en los granos de amaranto de las tres variedades por dos métodos: por diferencia y por el método hidrolítico. Posteriormente, se extrajo el almidón de las tres variedades de amaranto y se evaluaron sus características químicas (humedad, proteína cruda, grasa cruda, ceniza y amilosa), propriedades físicas (densidad y valor azul) y reológicas (viscosidad aparente, consistencia del gel, y corrido amilográfico). Los almidones extraídos presentaron alta pureza, con un contenido de proteína que varió en el intervalo de 0,90-0,93 por ciento, mientras que el almidón extraído de A. cruentus mostró el mayor contenido de grasa (2,63 por ciento). El contenido de amilosa de A. cruentus y A. hypochondriacus varió entre 12,47 y 12,61 por ciento, mientras que el almidón extraído de A. cruentus x A. cruentus presentó mayor contenido de amilosa (27,34 por ciento). Las propriedades reológicas de los almidones extraídos de las especies A. cruentus y A. hypochondriacus, presentaron curvas amilográficas y de viscosidad semejantes.